RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la producción de semillas y la capacidad de oferta forrajera de calidad del Kumanda yvyra’i (Cajanus cajan L.) sometido a diferentes dosis de fertilización orgánica. Fue utilizado el diseño de bloques completos al azar (DBCA) con arreglo de parcelas subdividas con cuatro tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en un testigo (0 kg ha-1), y tres dosis crecientes de gallinaza (5.000, 10.000 y 15.000 kg ha-1). Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de plantas (AP), masa verde (MV), masa seca (MS), cantidad de plantas (CP), número de vainas (NV), masa de vaina fresca y seco (PVf y PVs), producción de semillas (PS). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las variables evaluadas, exceptuando para MV y MS, donde al nivel de 5.000 kg de gallinaza (T1), se observó la mayor producción (34.533,3 kg.MV ha-1 y 17.642,1 kg.MS ha-1) diferenciándose de los demás tratamientos (promedio: 24.925 kg.MV ha-1 y 13.890,6 kg.MS ha-1) y el testigo (24.050,0 kg.MV ha-1 y 13.134,5 kg.MS ha-1). En cuanto las demás variables; los promedios observados fueron los siguientes, AP: 2,12 m (S) y 2,10 m (F), CP: 19,4 pl m-2 (S) y 22,3 pl/m2 (F), NV: 800,9 vainas/m2 y 43,4 vainas/pl, PVf: 3946,7 kg ha-1 y PVs: 3694,4 kg ha-1, PS: 972.222,2 semillas ha-1. La fertilización orgánica no afecta significativamente las variables de altura y cantidad de plantas. La dosis de 5.000 kg ha-1 incrementó la materia verde y seca, en la producción semillera no se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en las variables evaluadas.

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to evaluate the seed production and the quality forage supply capacity by the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) subjected to different doses of organic fertilization. The design used was randomized complete blocks (RCBD) with arrangement of subdivided plots with four treatments and three repetitions. The treatments consisted of a control (0 kg ha-1), and three increasing doses of chicken manure (5.000, 10.000 and 15.000 kg ha-1). The variables evaluated were plant height (PH), green mass (GM), dry mass (DM), number of plants (NP), number of pods (NP), weight of fresh and dry pods (WPf and WPs), seed production (SP), nodules (NO). No significant differences were observed between the variables evaluated, except for GM and DM, where at the level of 5.000 kg of poultry manure (T1), the highest production was observed (34.533,3 kg.GM ha-1 and 17.642,1 kg.DM ha-1) differing from the other treatments (24,925 kg.GM ha-1 and 13,890.6 kg.DM ha-1) and the control (24,050.0 kg.GM ha-1 and 13,134.5 kg.DM ha-1). As for the other variables, the observed averages were for PH: 2,12 m (S) and 2,10 m (F), NPl: 19,4 pl m-2 (S) and 22,3 pl m-2 (F), NP: 800,9 pods m-2 and 43,4 pods/pl, WPf: 3946,7 kg ha-1 y WPs: 3594,4 kg ha-1, SP: 972.222,2 seeds/ha. No noteworthy nodulations were presented.

ABSTRACT Integrated agricultural production systems have been improved with the introduction of Urochloa grasses aiming at obtaining straw for a no-tillage system (NTS) and the increase of legumes, which promote physicochemical improvements in soils and guarantee intensification and sustainability of production. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic traits and yield of soybean in succession to the intercropping of corn with marandu grass and/or pigeonpea in five populations of plants harvested for silage production. The experiment was carried out in the Cerrado region of Selvíria, MS, Brazil, during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 agricultural years, in an Oxisol. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2×5 factorial scheme, consisting of off-season corn intercropped with pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and off-season corn intercropped with marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha) and pigeonpea, in addition to five sowing densities (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 seeds m-1). Soybean was planted in succession aiming to evaluate the effect of remaining straw on crop performance. Soybean grown in succession to the triple intercropping of corn with marandu and pigeon pea shows increased productivity.

Resumen El uso de películas comestibles es una tecnología para alargar la vida útil de los alimentos. La adición de nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) podría mejorar el desempeño de películas comestibles y evitar el crecimiento de microorganismos que podrían afectar a los alimentos. El objetivo fue elaborar y caracterizar AgNPs mediante síntesis verde y evaluar el efecto de su adición sobre las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera de películas formadas a partir de proteína de Cajanus cajan y goma de la semilla de Tamarindus indica. Para la síntesis de AgNPs se utilizó extracto acuoso de Annona muricata. Tres diferentes formulaciones de películas se elaboraron las cuales contenían AgNPs, extracto acuoso de guanábana y agua (control). Las películas fueron evaluadas en términos de su permeabilidad al vapor de agua (WVP), color, opacidad y propiedades mecánicas. Las AgNPs incrementaron el doble el módulo de Young de las películas (0.0675 MPa) y la fuerza de tensión (2.84 MPa) con respecto al control. Además, las AgNPs influyeron estadísticamente en el color y opacidad de la película. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias en la PVA. La adición de AgNPs a recubrimientos podría ser una opción para incrementar la vida útil de alimentos.

Abstract The use of edible films is a technology to extend the shelf life of food. The addition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) could improve the performance of edible films and avoid the growth of microorganisms that could affect food. The objective was to elaborate and characterize AgNPs by green synthesis and to evaluate the effect of their addition on the mechanical and barrier properties of films formed from Cajanus cajan protein and Tamarindus indica seed gum. An aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaves was used for green synthesis. Three films were developed containing AgNPs, aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaves and water (control). Films were evaluated by their water vapour permeability (WVP), color, opacity and mechanical properties. The AgNPs increased two-fold the Young’s module (0.0675 MPa) and the tensile strength (2.84 MPa) in relation to control film. Moreover, the AgNPs influenced also the color and opacity of the films. However, no differences were observed in the WVP. The addition of AgNPs to films, could be an option to increase the shelf life of foods.

ABSTRACT Depending on the purpose of its cultivation, pigeon pea can be grown under different spacings and cuts, since it quickly resprouts. This study aimed to assess the pigeon pea growth, forage production and quality, considering two spacings and one cut. A field experiment using a completely randomized design, with three treatments [1.0 × 0.2 m spacing (between rows and plants, respectively), without cuts; 0.5 × 0.1 m, without cuts; and 0.5 × 0.1 m, with cut at 90 days after emergence (DAE)], was carried out. The spacings did not affect the plant height. The 0.5 × 0.1 m spacing showed an individual plant growth worse, but a forage yield (kg ha-1) higher than the 1.0 × 0.2 m treatment, from 120 to 180 DAE. The 0.5 × 0.1 m spacing was more advantageous than the 1.0 × 0.2 m, with the highest forage yield obtained by harvesting at 150 DAE. It is better to harvest the forage at 90 DAE and harvest it again at 180 DAE than maintaining a continuous plant growth and harvest it at 180 DAE. In each sampling date, there was no difference for stem and leaf crude protein and starch content as a function of the treatments. The forage harvested from 90 to 180 DAE showed similar crude protein and starch contents. So, for this period, the forage quality is not a limiting factor for establishing the harvest time.

RESUMO Dependendo da finalidade, o guandu pode ser cultivado sob diferentes espaçamentos e cortes, pois rebrota rapidamente. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento, produção e qualidade de forragem de guandu, considerando-se dois espaçamentos e um corte. Um experimento de campo foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos [espaçamento de 1,0 × 0,2 m (entre linhas e plantas, respectivamente), sem corte; 0,5 × 0,1 m, sem corte; e 0,5 × 0,1 m, com plantas cortadas aos 90 dias após a emergência (DAE)] e sete repetições. Os espaçamentos não influenciaram na altura das plantas. O espaçamento de 0,5 × 0,1 m apresentou pior crescimento individual das plantas, mas maior produtividade de forragem (kg ha-1) do que o espaçamento de 1,0 × 0,2 m, dos 120 aos 180 DAE. O espaçamento de 0,5 x 0,1 m foi mais vantajoso que o de 1,0 x 0,2 m, sendo a maior produtividade de forragem obtida na colheita aos 150 DAE. É melhor colher a forragem aos 90 DAE e colher novamente aos 180 DAE do que manter o crescimento contínuo das plantas e colher somente aos 180 DAE. Em cada época de amostragem, não houve diferença nos teores de proteína bruta e amido do caule e folha em função dos tratamentos. A forragem colhida dos 90 aos 180 DAE apresentou teores de proteína bruta e amido semelhantes. Assim, nesse período, a qualidade da forragem não é um fator limitante para definir o momento da colheita.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of cover plants is a strategy for improving the agricultural production environment and providing straw for soil cover in the no-tillage system, in addition to cycling and providing nutrients to succeeding crops. This study aimed to assess the dry matter yield and nutrients accumulation by cover plants grown alone or intercropped in the second crop after soybean and their effects on cotton grown in succession. The treatments were: Urochloa ruziziensis; Pennisetum glaucum (millet); Zea mays (corn); Crotalaria spectabilis; Crotalaria ochroleuca; Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea); corn + U. ruziziensis; C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis; C. ochroleuca + U. ruziziensis; pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis; corn + C. spectabilis; corn + C. ochroleuca; and corn + pigeon pea. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with four replications, and the experiment was carried out in two crop seasons. In the cotton pre-seeding, the maximum amount of corn straw dry matter was 2,699 kg ha-1, with low macronutrient contents. The pigeon pea intercropped with U. ruziziensis produced between 8,400 and 12,941 kg ha-1 of dry matter, with a maximum content of 223 and 323 kg ha-1 of nitrogen and potassium, respectively. The U. ruziziensis, grown alone or intercropped, provided between 140 and 323 kg ha-1 of potassium in the straw. A high yield is obtained by cotton grown in the no-tillage system in succession to C. spectabilis.

RESUMO O cultivo de plantas de cobertura é uma estratégia para a melhoria do ambiente de produção agrícola e aporte de palhada para cobertura do solo no sistema plantio direto, além de ciclar e disponibilizar nutrientes às culturas sucessoras. Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes por plantas de cobertura cultivadas de forma solteira ou consorciada em segunda safra após a soja e seus efeitos sobre o algodoeiro cultivado em sucessão. Os tratamentos foram: Urochloa ruziziensis; Pennisetum glaucum (milheto); Zea mays (milho); Crotalaria spectabilis; Crotalaria ochroleuca; Cajanus cajan (guandu); milho + U. ruziziensis; C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis; C. ochroleuca + U. ruziziensis; guandu + U. ruziziensis; milho + C. spectabilis; milho + C. ochroleuca; e milho + guandu. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e o experimento realizado em duas safras agrícolas. Na pré-semeadura do algodão, a quantidade máxima de matéria seca da palhada de milho foi de 2.699 kg ha-1, com baixos conteúdos de macronutrientes. O guandu consorciado com U. ruziziensis produziu entre 8.400 e 12.941 kg ha-1 de matéria seca, com conteúdo máximo de 223 e 323 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio e potássio, respectivamente. A U. ruziziensis, cultivada de forma solteira ou consorciada, disponibilizou na palhada entre 140 e 323 kg ha-1 de potássio. Alta produtividade é obtida pelo algodoeiro cultivado sob sistema plantio direto em sucessão a C. spectabilis.

Abstract Development of transgenic crops with stable gene inheritance and expression over generations is important for effective deployment at field level. In present study, T1 plants of pigeonpea cultivars AL15 and AL201 were evaluated for the presence and expression of cry1Ab gene and protection against Maruca pod borer. Cry1Ab protein in transgene carrying T1 plants ranged from 0.72 to 0.87 µg/g flower tissue. In vitro insect bioassay demonstrated up to 49.17 and 53.80% loss in larval body weight after four days of infesting T1 transgenic flowers and pods, respectively. Further, no adults emerged from the pupae of larvae fed on transgenic plants 15-537 and 201-344. All T2 progeny plants of 15-537 exhibited cry1Ab presence; likewise, all T3 progeny plants derived from homozygous T2 plant (15-537-5) displayed presence and expression of transgene, thus establishing stable transgene integration in T1 plants, followed by its stable inheritance and expression in T2 and T3 generations.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate plant cover and dry mass produced by green manures and their influence on the chemical attributes of soil for the ecological restoration of an area around bauxite mine environment in Southeast Brazil. Soil preparation, chemical fertilization and sowing of three species of green manures were carried out: Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea and Stylosanthes guianensis. In general, C. cajan and C. juncea showed the best performance in plant cover. C. cajan and S. guianensis produced more phytomass. Green manures were efficient to promote rapid plant cover and increase in soil organic matter and total-N contents in all treatments. Therefore, green manure is a viable alternative that contributes to the success of ecological restoration projects in areas in the bauxite mining environment. Brazil preparation out general C S phytomass totalN total N treatments Therefore

RESUMO: Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de se avaliar a produtividade da biomassa e valor nutricional da silagem e do feno provenientes do consórcio entre o capim-Tamani e diferentes espécies de leguminosas. Para as características produtivas das diferentes culturas consorciadas, adotamos o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, para avaliação da interação dos consórcios com técnicas de conservação usamos esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (cinco consórcios e duas técnicas de conservação). Os tratamentos foram o capim-Tamani em monocultura, e o consórcio de capim-Tamni associado a crotalária, soja, feijão-caupi ou feijão-guandu. As plantas foram semeadas em fileiras alternadas, com espaçamento de 45 cm. As técnicas de conservação foram silagem pré-secada (520 g / kg de MS) e feno (870 g / kg de MS). Avaliamos a produção de biomassa de gramínea e leguminosa, a altura do dossel, a composição química e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (ivDMD). Não houve diferenças na produção total de biomassa entre os consórcios e o monocultivo de capim-Tamani. Os tratamentos consorciados com feijão-caupi e soja tiveram maior participação de leguminosas na mistura, promovendo aumento no teor de proteína bruta e ivDMD da silagem pré-secada e feno. A silagem pré-secada e o feno tinham a mesma composição química, embora a silagem pré-secada apresentou maior ivDMD do que o feno. Concluímos que o consórcio de capim-Tamani com soja ou feijão-caupi manteve a produtividade da biomassa total e melhorou o valor nutricional da silagem pré-secada e do feno.

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the biomass productivity and nutritional value of the haylage and hay from intercropping between Tamani grass and different legume species. For the productive characteristics of the different intercrops, we adopted a randomized block design, for evaluation of the combination of intercropping and conservation technic we used 5 x 2 factorial scheme (five intercrops and two types of conservation techniques). The treatments were Tamani grass as monoculture, and the intercrops of Tamani grass with crotalaria, soybean, cowpea, or pigeon pea. The conservation techniques were haylage (520 g/kg of DM) and hay (870 g/kg of DM). Plants were sown in alternate rows, with 45 cm of spacing between the rows. The parameters evaluated were grass and legume biomass production, canopy height, and haylage and hay chemical composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (ivDMD). There were no differences in the total biomass production between the intercrops and TA grass monoculture. The treatments intercropped with cowpea and soybean had the highest legume participation in the mixture, promoting an increase in crude protein and ivDMD content of haylage and hay. Haylage and hay had the same chemical composition, although haylage had higher ivDMD than hay. We concluded that intercropping Tamani grass with soybeans or cowpea maintained total biomass productivity and improved the nutritional value of haylage and hay.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética e as associações de características produtivas do feijão-bóer, para indicação dessa cultura ao programa de melhoramento em Moçambique. Foram avaliadas 11 características do feijão-bóer, em delineamento de três blocos ao acaso, nos ambientes de Namapa (I) e Montepuez (II), em 2017/2018. Para avaliação das características, utilizaram-se análises de variância, parâmetros genéticos, correlações, rede de correlação e análise de trilha. Em ambos os ambientes, há alta variabilidade genética e fenotípica para ramos primários, ramos secundários, vagens por planta, número de sementes por vagem, largura e comprimento da vagem e produtividade, bem como alta herdabilidade para todas as características, exceto para altura da planta. Os ramos primários e secundários apresentam alta correlação com a produtividade e efeito direto positivo sobre ela. No entanto, altura de planta e vagens por planta apresentam alta variabilidade fenotípica e correlação positiva com a produtividade no ambiente I. Vagens por planta, peso de 100 sementes e ramos primários apresentam altos efeitos positivos diretos no ambiente I, e ramos secundários e número de sementes por vagem, no ambiente II. Os ramos primários e secundários apresentam alta variabilidade e associações com a produtividade em ambos os ambientes e são indicados para o programa de melhoramento do feijão-bóer em Moçambique.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability and associations of yield traits of pigeon pea, for indication of this crop for the breeding program in Mozambique. Eleven pigeon pea traits were evaluated in a experimental design with three randomized complete blocks, in the environments of Namapa (I) and Montepuez (II), in 2017/2018. To evaluate the traits, analyses of variance, genetic parameters, correlations, correlation network, and path analysis were used. In both environments, there is a high genetic and phenotypic variability for primary branches, secondary branches, pods per plant, number of seed per pod, pod width, pod length, and yield, as well as a high heritability for all traits except for plant height. The primary and secondary branches have a high correlation with yield and a positive direct effect on it. However, plant height and pods per plant show a high phenotypic variability and a positive correlation with yield in environment I. Pods per plant, weight of 100 seed, and primary branches show high direct positive effects in environment I, and secondary branches and number of seed per pod, in environment II. The primary and secondary branches show high variability and associations with yield in both environments and are indicated for the pigeon pea breeding program in Mozambique.

Resumo A Campomanesia adamantium (guavira) é nativa do Cerrado brasileiro e utilizada como alimentícia e medicinal. A planta tem sido explorada indiscriminadamente em seu hábitat, o que, somado às queimadas e ao desmatamento, levam-na ao risco de extinção. Para a preservação da espécie, é essencial seu manejo in situ e ex situ, e as práticas agroecológi-cas associadas à adubação verde são um sistema recomendado. Neste estudo, investigamos o desenvolvimento da C. adamantium cultivada com os adubos verdes Stylosanthes macrocephala, Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides e Cajanus cajan, além dos atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo. Os adubos verdes tiveram maiores produções de massas frescas e secas no segundo corte, e as plantas de C. mucunoides, S. macrocephala e P. phaseoloidestiveram maiores concentrações de nutrientes. A massa do C. mucunoidesteve rápida decomposição e influenciou os atributos químicos do solo, havendo maior atuação dos microrganismos do solo no processo bioquímico de decomposição dos resíduos orgânicos. As plantas de C. adamantium mais bem desenvolvidas e com maiores produções e teores de nutrientes nas folhas foram cultivadas com os adubos verdes C. mucunoides e S. macrocephala. Os resultados mostraram que as plantas de C. adamantium respondem positivamente ao uso do adubo verde C. mucunoides, com aumento da produção de folhas. Este cultivo agroecológico contribui para a preservação de C. adamantium e para o uso adequado dos recursos naturais do Cerrado.

Abstract Campomanesia adamantium (guavira) is a native plant of the Brazilian Cerrado used both as food and as medicine. The plant has undergone indiscriminate overexploitation in its habitat, which, in association with fires and deforestation, puts the species at risk of extinction. To preserve the species, in situ and ex situ management actions are required and agroecological practices associated with green manuring is the recommended system. In this study, we investigated the development of C. adamantium grown with the green manures Stylosanthes macrocephala, Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides, and Cajanus cajan, as well as the chemical and microbiological properties of the soil. The green manures had the highest production of fresh and dry masses at the second cut and C. mucunoides, S. macrocephala, and P. phaseoloides presented the highest nutrient concentrations. C. mucunoides mass decomposed rapidly and influenced the chemical properties of the soil, with a greater role of soil microorganisms in the biochemical process of decomposition of the organic residues. The bestdeveloped and highest yielding plants with the highest leaf nutrient content were obtained for C. adamantium grown with the green manures C. mucunoides and S. macrocephala. The results showed that C. adamantium responded positively to the use of the green manure C. mucunoides with increased leaf production. This agroecological cultivation to contributes for the preservation of C. adamantium and the appropriate use of the natural resources of the Cerrado.

ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out with the objective of evahuating the use of summer green mamire covgrage as a weed suppressant in a crop rotation system. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks (DBCA), consisting of five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of green manure co^vers: Canavalia ensiformis (T1), Mucuna pruriens (T2), Cajanus cajan (T3), Crotalaria juncea (T4), Phaseolus vulgaris (T5), a control, conventional system (T6) was also used, mainly the control was used for the determinations of green mass of weeds, height of the pearl millet and green mass of the pearl millet. The determinations evaluated were; coverage persistence (Mg Ha- 1 ) at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, weed suppression (Mg Ha -1 ) at 30, 60 and 90 days, green mass of weeds (Mg Har 1 ) at 30, 60 and 90 days, height of the Pennisetum glaucum (cm) at 60 and 90 days, green mass of the pearl millet (Mg Ha -1 ) at 60 and 90 days. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (Test F 5%) and the means of the treatments with significance were compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability of error. In the determination of the green mass of weeds, significance was obtained between the conventional system (Control) and the green manure covers, so it can be affirmed that the use of vegetable covers reduces the incidence of weeds, greatly benefiting the reduction of competition between the crop. of economic importance in question and weeds.

RESUMEN La investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la utilización de la cobertura de abonos verdes de verano como supresor de malezas en un sistema de rotación de cultivos. El diseño experimental empleado fue el de bloques completos al azar (DBCA), compuesto por cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en coberturas de abonos verdes: Canavalia ensiformis (T1), Mucunapruriens (T2), Cajanus cajan (T3), Crotalaria juncea (T4) y Phaseolus vulgaris (T5). Se utilizó también un testigo, sistema convencional (T6). Principalmente se usó el testigo para las determinaciones masa verde de malezas, altura y masa verde del Pennisetum glaucum. Las determinaciones evaluadas fueron persistencia de la cobertura (Mg Ha-1) a los 0, 15, 30, 45 y 60 días; supresión de malezas (Mg Ha-1) a los 30, 60 y 90 días; masa verde de malezas (Mg Ha-1) a los 30, 60 y 90 días; altura (cm) a los 60 y 90 días, y masa verde (Mg Ha-1) a los 60 y 90 días. Los datos obtenidos se sometieron a análisis de varianza (Test F 5%) y las medias de los tratamientos con significancia fueron comparadas por el test de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad de error. En la determinación masa verde de malezas se obtuvo significancia entre el sistema convencional (testigo) y las coberturas de abonos verdes, por lo que se puede afirmar que la utilización de coberturas vegetales reduce la incidencia de malezas contribuyendo enormemente a disminuir la competencia entre el cultivo de importancia económica y las malas hierbas.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar diferentes métodos para estimar a herdabilidade em 30 linhagens de guandu das gerações F3, F4, F5 e F6, para nove variáveis. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e 20 plantas por parcela. Estimou-se a herdabilidade no sentido amplo por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA) [h2b-E(MS)], máxima verossimilhança restrita/melhor predição linear não viciada (REML/BLUP) (h2b-REML), regressão pai-filho (h2PO) e unidade do desvio-padrão (h2UP). As estimativas de h2b-E(MS) e h2b-REML foram de magnitude próxima para sete das variáveis analisadas. Para maior controle genético e facilidade na seleção, valores de h2b-E(MS) e h2b-REML >0,70 foram estimados para duas variáveis em quatro gerações, duas variáveis em três gerações, três variáveis em duas gerações e uma variável em uma geração. Valores de h2UP e h2PO >0,70 foram obtidos para quatro e cinco variáveis, respectivamente. As estimativas via regressão ou correlação pai-filho mostraram alguns valores fora da variação esperada de 0 a 1. Os métodos ANOVA [h2b-E(MS)] e REML/BLUP [h2b-REML] são os melhores para estimar a herdabilidade em guandu.

Abstract The objective of this work was to compare different methods to estimate heritability in 30 pigeon pea families from the F3, F4, F5, and F6 generations, for nine variables. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates and 20 plants per plot. Broad-sense heritability was estimated by the analysis of variance ( A N O V A) [ h 2b-E(MS)], restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP) (h2b-REML), parent-offspring regression (h2PO), and standard deviation unit (h2UP). The h2b-E(MS) and h2b-REML estimates were similar for seven of the analyzed variables. For a higher genetic control and easier selection, values of h2b-E(MS) and h2b-REML >0.70 were estimated for two variables in four generations, two variables in three generations, three variables in two generations, and one variable in one generation. Values of h2UP and h2PO >0.70 were obtained for four and five variables, respectively. The estimates via regression or parent-offspring correlation showed some values outside the expected range of 0 to 1. The ANOVA [h2b-E(MS)] and REML/BLUP [h2b-REML] methods are the best to estimate pigeon pea heritability.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar estratégias para a introdução de guandu e de tefrósia consorciadas ao milho em diferentes arranjos espaciais para fins de adubação verde no cultivo orgânico de feijão-vagem em sucessão. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x3 + 1, sendo um fator formado pelas duas espécies e o outro pelos sistemas de manejo (monocultivo; consórcio com semeadura na mesma linha, ou na entrelinha). Destarte, os tratamentos então consistiram de monocultivos de guandu e de tefrósia, guandu ou tefrósia consorciados ao milho no mesmo sulco de plantio e guandu ou tefrósia consorciados ao milho nas entrelinhas, além do monocultivo de milho (controle). Após o corte dos pré-cultivos realizou-se a semeadura de feijão-vagem. Denotou-se que a introdução das leguminosas arbustivas em consórcio não interferiu nas características fitotécnicas do milho. O monocultivo de tefrósia e as estratégias de cultivo consorciado desta espécie com o milho, independentemente da localização da semeadura, proporcionam, respectivamente, as maiores produtividades de vagens e de grãos secos de feijão-vagem, quando comparados aos pré-cultivos respectivos de guandu.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate strategies for growing pigeon pea and tephrosia intercropped with maize in different spatial arrangements for green manure in organic snap bean farming in succession. The experimental design was a randomized block, in a 2x3 + 1 factorial scheme, corresponding to the two species and the cropping system (monocropping; intercropping with sowing in the same row or between rows). The treatments consisted of pigeon pea and tephrosia monocropping, pigeon pea or tephrosia intercropped with maize in the same planting furrow, pigeon pea or tephrosia intercropped with maize between rows, and maize monocropping (control). After cutting the pre-crops, snap beans were sown. The authors verified that the introduction of shrub leguminous plants in intercropping did not interfere with the phytotechnical characteristics of maize. The tephrosia monocropping and the intercropping of this species with maize, regardless of sowing location, provided, respectively, the highest productivities of pods and dry beans of snap beans, compared with pigeon pea pre-cropping.

Abstract The aim of this work was to determine and compare the mineral composition and physico-chemical parameters of formulations of cookies developed by hand based on Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet (mangalo—BFM), Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (cowpea beans—BFC) and Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth (pigeon pea—BFP) flours. The results indicate that the cookies have a high content of essential minerals (mainly K, P and Ca). Moisture (4.48-8.44%) was below the maximum value established by Brazilian legislation, and lipids (6.35-6.56%) and ash (3.33-3.96%) were like products found in the market and literature. High levels of protein (8.37-9.28%), fibre (3.88-6.39%) and carbohydrates (66.28-71.19%) give the product high nutritional potential. No oxidation products were detected. Water activity and acidity remained satisfactory for good food preservation for 45 days. Sensory evaluation indicates a satisfactory acceptability for the BFM and BFC (overall quality above 7). The desirability data indicated that the BFC obtained the best performance for the chosen parameters. Therefore, the elaborated cookies have high nutritional quality and the pulse flour has potential for the enrichment of food products.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de fitomassa, a ciclagem de nutrientes e a eficiência no uso de nutrientes em sistemas de cultivo solteiros e consorciados, na safrinha, em plantio direto. O experimento foi realizado durante a segunda safra de 2014 e 2015, no bioma Cerrado do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições. Em 2014, os sistemas foram avaliados aos 63, 93, 124 e 157 dias após a semeadura; e, em 2015, foram avaliados ao florescimento e à senescência. Determinaram-se as concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Em 2014, os sistemas solteiros Urochloa ruziziensis, Cajanus cajan e Pennisetum glaucum apresentaram os maiores acúmulos de fitomassa e nutrientes. Em 2015, os consórcios apresentaram os maiores acúmulos de fitomassa, a maior ciclagem de nutrientes e a maior eficiência no uso dos nutrientes. No sistema plantio direto, U. ruziziensis, solteiro ou consorciado com milho e girassol, aumentou a fitomassa. Os consórcios mais eficientes quanto ao aproveitamento de todos os nutrientes, no Cerrado de Mato Grosso, são os de girassol com U. ruziziensis, milho com U. ruziziensis e milho com Crotalaria spectabilis.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate phytomass production, nutrient cycling, and efficiency of nutrient use by single and intercropped crop systems, in the second crop, under no-tillage. The experiment was carried out during the second crop of 2014 and 2015 in the Cerrado biome of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design, with nine treatments and four replicates. In 2014, the systems were evaluated at 63, 93, 124, and 157 days after sowing; and, in 2015, they were evaluated at flowering and senescence. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were determined. In 2014, the single crop systems Urochloa ruziziensis, Cajanus cajan, and Pennisetum glaucum showed the largest accumulations of phytomass and nutrients. In 2015, the intercropped systems showed the largest accumulations of phytomass, the largest nutrient cycling, and the highest nutrient use efficiency. In the no-tillage crop systems, U. ruziziensis, either in single cultivation or intercropped with corn and sunflower, increased phytomass. The most efficient systems for the use of all nutrients, in the Cerrado of Mato Grosso, are the intercropping of sunflower with U. ruziziensis, corn with U. ruziziensis, and corn with Crotalaria spectabilis.